2 Muslim Law

2.1 Concept and OriginIslamic law (Sharia — "the path") is the all-embracing divine law of Islam — not merely a legal system but the totality of the believer's duties (the Five Pillars' ritual law beside contract and crime): law and religion one. Its origin: the revelation of the Quran to the Prophet Muhammad (c. 610–632 C.E.) — God's literal word (the constitution of the law); the Prophet's own practice (the Sunna) as the living interpretation; the classical theory: the Sharia's author is God alone; the jurist (faqih, whence fiqh — jurisprudence) merely finds the law. The historical development: the Prophet's Medina community; the rightly-guided caliphate's practice; the great age of the classical schools (8th–10th centuries — the jurists' golden era: Abu Hanifa, Malik, al-Shafi'i, Ibn Hanbal); the Sharia's codified-and-courts era (the Ottoman Mecelle's partial codification, 1877 — history's first civil-code codification of Sharia-adjacent law; the colonial-era Anglo-Muhammadan law); the modern state's nationalization (the 19th–20th century secularization — the French/Swiss codes' reception in the Ottoman succession states) and the revivalist oscillation (the Islamic-republic movements — Iran 1979's Shiite revolution; Pakistan's Islamization; the Taliban and ISIS's extreme claims — the modern Sharia's contested spectrum: family-law enclave (most Muslim states), full constitutional Sharia (the minority), or the secular-regulation model).2.2 Schools of Muslim Law1. The Sunni schools (the four orthodox rites): the Hanafi school…