Property offences are crimes against the rights of ownership and possession — the criminal law's protection of the economic order: taking what is another's, obtaining by deception, and destroying what is another's. The Muluki Criminal Code, 2074 (2017) carries the Ain tradition's property chapters into the modern code, with the family's classical taxonomy:
1. Offences of taking (without consent): theft (chori) and its aggravations — looting (robbery: theft with force), dakaiti (dacoity: gang robbery), extortion (obtaining by fear);
2. Offences of deception:cheating (thagi) and fraud (Unit 5), cheating by personation;
3. Offences of entrustment: criminal misappropriation (lawful acquisition, dishonest retention) and criminal breach of trust (conversion of entrusted property) — the wasilat tradition;
4. Offences of destruction:arson and mischief-type damage (the Code's property-damage provisions);
5. Offences of documents: forgery and false instruments (Unit 5) — property's paper extensions.
Two analytical anchors for the whole unit: (i) the interest protected — ownership (title) and possession (fact): even the thief's possession is protected against subsequent takers, so "property offence" protects the possession-holder, not merely the true owner; (ii) the mens rea constant — dishonesty (thagi-bhavo, the dishonest intention) as the family's mental element, taking (theft), keeping (misappropriation), obtaining (cheating/extortion) and burning (arson) each fused with its dishonest purpose.