7 Recent Trends

1. The proliferation of courts and tribunals: the ICJ, ITLOS, the PCA's docket, ICSID, the regional human-rights courts, the WTO's DSB and the era's specialized bodies — the fragmentation worry and the systemic-integration answers (res judicata discipline; the "constitutionalization" debates);2. The dispute-settlement clauses' standardization — the model clauses (negotiation→good offices→conciliation→arbitration→judicial settlement) in the modern treaty-drafting practice; Nepal's own treaties' clauses (the investment and trade instruments);3. The investor-state (ISDS) revolution and its backlash — the UNCITRAL reform process, the multilateral investment court proposal;4. Mediation's renaissance — the Singapore Convention on Mediation (2019 — the mediated settlement's enforceability treaty); the UN's mediation-facility practice;5. The technology front — online dispute resolution and the cyber-disputes' ungoverned frontier; the environment-and-climate disputes' rise (the ITLOS climate advisory opinion (2024) and the ICJ's climate advisory reference — the era's newest wave; the small-island states' lawfare);6. Nepal's practice noted: the boundary and water-course diplomacy's negotiation-first tradition; the BIPA/investment-treaty consents; the peace process's own good-offices chapter — the small state's toolkit: negotiation, multilateralism, and the international institutions' shelter.