8 Major Principles of Constitutional Interpretation

The canons (with the Nepali Court's applications):1. The literal/plain-meaning rule: the text first — the words' ordinary sense unless absurdity; the golden rule: departure to avoid absurdity; the mischief rule: the gap the provision was made to fill (Heydon's-case lineage, by name only);2. Purposive and dynamic interpretation: the Constitution "as a living tree" — the Nepali Court's own signature: the dynamic-and-progressive (gatisheel) interpretation doctrine — the rights read in the light of changing values (the dignity right's Article-16 expansiveness; the Court's own articulation of the method in the constitutional-principles line of cases);3. Harmonious construction: clauses-and-parts read together (rights with directives — Unit 3; the three-tier competences with the cooperation principles — Article 232); the avoiding- constitutional-doubt presumption;4. The presumption of constitutionality: statutes read, if possible, to sustain them; the burden on the challenger — balanced by the unreasonable-restriction test's vigor (133(1));5. Proportionality: the four-stage review (legitimate aim; suitability; necessity; balancing) — the restriction-clauses' modern test (the Article-17 provisos family);6. Expressio unius (the negative implication) and ejusdem generis; the proviso-and-savings reading rules; the federal reading: the concurrent lists' cooperative construction; the residual-power rule (Article 58);7. The foreign-textual aid: the Constitution's English/Nepali texts (the authentic-text question); international-law harmony (the treaties Nepal joined as interpretive context — the pro-treaty presumption of PIL-I, Semester 3, Unit 1);8. The basic-structure overlay (Unit 7's conclusion): the…