1 Paternity and Maternity

The parent-child relationship's establishment:1. Maternity: by birth — the mother's identity following delivery (the birth registration's mother- entry; the unmarried mother's right to register the child in her name — the Citizenship Act's and Children's Act's protections);2. Paternity: by presumption and by proof — the presumption of legitimacy (the child born in wedlock: the husband presumed the father — the Code's presumption with its rebuttal windows); acknowledgment (the father's voluntary recognition — the birth-registration acknowledgment); judicial determination (the paternity suit — the DNA-and-blood evidence's modern practice; the courts' insistence on scientific proof in disputed paternity; the child's legitimacy protected regardless);3. The equality note: the constitutional command of equal lineage (Article 38(1): women's equal right to lineage) and the citizenship-through-mother guarantees (Constitutional Law-II's Unit 2 anchors) — the old father-only descent system's correction; adoption and assisted reproduction as the further routes (Sections 5–6).