5 Consideration

2. Rules of consideration: at the promisor's request (the volunteered act no consideration); past consideration (the common-law bar vs. the civil-law-and-Indian recognition — the Nepali statute's own position stated functionally); sufficiency vs. adequacy (the law asks presence, not equivalence — the peppercorn's logic; the inadequacy as evidence of fraud-and-undue influence, not a bar); lawful consideration (the unlawful-and-immoral bar — the contract void: Unit 5) and its effect (the tout-nullity — no recovery on the illegal bargain); consideration from a third party (the privity question below);3. Kinds: executed/executory; express/implied; adequate/inadequate; lawful/unlawful — the classification table with the Nepali illustrations;4. Doctrine of privity of contract and consideration (and the exceptions): the stranger-to- a-contract cannot sue (the third party's no-rights-and-no-burdens) — the Nepali Code's privity- and-assignment interface (Unit 6's assignment machinery as the statutory bridge); theexceptions (the exam list): the trust-and-beneficiary; the assignment; the estoppel's-and- agency's third-party effects; the family-settlements (the marriage-and-partition arrangements' third-party rights — Family Law's and Property Law's frames); the consumer-and-insurance beneficiary's modern drift (the protective statutes' privity-piercing);5. Doctrine of promissory estoppel: the promise relied-upon enforceable against the promisor who resiles — despite no consideration (the government's-and-public-authorities' promises: the tender reliance cases; the subsidy-and-policy-promise line) — the equity's face of Unit 1's good-faith principle; the requirements (a clear promise; the reliance; the detriment; the inequity of resiling); the limits (no…