3 Voidable Contract — Free Consent and Its Vitiators

Consent: the parties' free-and-voluntary assent (the Code's consent provisions — consensus ad idem, the meeting of minds, plus the consent's freedom).The five vitiators (the Code's list — with the consequences):1. Coercion/duress: the physical-and-psychological compulsion (the threat to person, property, or reputation inducing the assent); the duress-to-goods and the economic duress extensions (the modern law's widening — the illegitimate pressure's doctrine); the burden-and- proof questions; the consequence: voidable at the coerced party's option; the restitution- following-rescission;2. Undue influence: the relationship of confidence-and-dependence (the doctor-patient, guru-disciple, trustee-beneficiary, the dominating-bargaining positions) + the unconscionable transaction (the presumption's logic — the burden shifting to the dominant party to prove fairness); the Nepali practice (the family-and-guardianship transactions, the debt-bondage patterns of the villages — the haliya-era's unconscionable loans as the historic illustration); the consequence: voidable; the Court's equity powers (the set-aside on terms);3. Fraud: the knowing deception (the false statement of fact, the active concealment, the promise-without-intention-to-perform, the deceptive practices) — the dolus; the elements (the representation; its falsity; the knowledge/intent; the inducement; the reliance); the silence's non-fraud principle-and-exception (the duty-to-disclose relationships: the uberrimae fidei contracts — insurance-and-family: the utmost-good-faith family); the consequence: voidable + the damages-for-the-tort-face (the deceit action alongside); the criminal interface (the cheating-and-forgery offences — Criminal Law-II, this semester);4. Misrepresentation/deceit: the innocent falsehood (the false statement without the fraud's knowledge — the…