2 Principle of Public Interest Litigation (PIL)

1. The concept: the public-spirited litigation — standing relaxed (any public-spirited person), the reliefs shaped for the community (structural-and-continuing mandamus), the procedural flexibility (letters-as-petitions, commissions-of-inquiry, suo motu actions);directives expansion (Constitutional Law-II, this semester, Unit 3's interpretive role), the corruption-and-governance orders;3. The principles developed: the standing's relaxation (below); the non-adversarial procedure (the court as the public's ombudsman — the commissions, the experts); the judicial-notice's breadth; the continuing-mandamus (the monitored orders — the implementation hearings);4. The critique: the docket's weight; the PIL-vs-private-dispute boundary (the disguised private battles); the judicial-activism debate (Constitutional Law-II's Unit 6 analysis).