3 Principle of Natural Justice

The two pillars (+ the third modern):1. Nemo judex in causa sua — the rule against bias: no one a judge in his own cause; the bias tests (the pecuniary-and-personal interest; the real-likelihood-of-bias doctrine); the institutional-bias questions; the court's-and-tribunal's composition discipline;2. Audi alteram partem — the hearing rule: hear the other side — the notice (the grounds- and-time adequacy), the opportunity to be heard (the evidence's disclosure, the representation), the reasoned decision (the reason-giving's modern rise);3. The hearing's fairness content (the modern elaboration): the evidence-disclosure; the cross-examination where credibility decisive; the legal-representation; the reasoned decision;The syllabus prescribes a case for this section; its citation and holding are withheld until verified.5. The principle's reach: the judicial, quasi-judicial and administrative decisions (Unit 3's distinctions); the constitutional anchoring (Article 20(9)'s "impartial, independent and competent court" — the natural-justice constitutionalized); the limits (the statutory exceptions; the emergency's edges; the pure-administrative-policy latitude).