4.3 Modes of Creating Agency

1. Express agency — oral or written; the written form is the power of attorney/authorisationdeed (for immovable-property dealings, Nepali practice requires a properly executed — and, where the law demands, registered — power of attorney; the notarised instrument before offices and banks).2. Implied agency — from circumstances, conduct or the relationship's nature (a partner's implied authority; the manager of the household's ordinary dealings — name the classic examples only).3. Agency by ratification — the principal adopts an unauthorized act ex post facto: requirements — full knowledge of the material facts, ratification within a reasonable time, of the whole act, by one who would have had authority to do the act originally; ratification relates back and binds from the act's date.4. Agency by necessity — emergency action on another's behalf (the carrier preserving perishable cargo — Unit 8; the surgeon's treatment of the unconscious — general necessity), where action is impossible to await instructions and is genuinely necessary and reasonable.5. Agency by estoppel/holding out — where the principal's conduct has led third parties to believe a person is his agent, he is estopped from denying the authority to those who relied.