8.3 Kinds of Carriage

8.3.1 Carriage by Land(i) Meaning and classification of land carriers: the common carrier — one who holdshimself out to carry for the public generally (the transporter, the courier network) — versus the private/special carrier (carrying only for particular customers by special agreement). Common carriers divide into general (all goods) and special (particular classes — hazardous, refrigerated); by mode: road transporters, couriers, freight forwarders. (ii) Rights, dutiesand liabilities of the common carrier:duties — to carry (no unjust refusal of the offered goods), to carry with reasonable dispatch, to take reasonable care (the insured's liability short of the classic exceptions), to deliver to the consignee against the documents, to follow the consignor's lawful routing instructions. Rights — the freight; a lien for freight and lawful charges; to recover the expenses of refused/undeliverable consignments; to reasonable terms in standard bills. Liabilities — for loss, damage or delay in transit; narrowed by the exceptions quartet (above) and, within limits, by lawful conditions (negligence's core usually non-excludable). (iii)Termination of the carrier's liability: on delivery to the consignee or his duly authorisedagent — or into the agreed delivery channel (the warehouse per the bill's terms); on the consignee's refusal or failure to take delivery (after notice, the carrier's storage-and-sale powers arise); liability does not survive beyond the agreed delivery point. Nepal's practice: the transporters' goods-freight notes…