Classification of crime (the five axes):
1. Legal gravity: the common law's felony/misdemeanour; Nepal's procedural twins — cognizable vs non-cognizable (police may investigate without warrant vs. court's leave first), bailable vs non-bailable, and the Criminal Code 2074's graded offence books.
2. Moral standing:mala in se (wrong in itself — murder, rape) vs. mala prohibita (wrong because prohibited — licensing, regulatory offences).
3. Actor & target: violent, property, public-order, white-collar (Sutherland's coin), organized (trafficking networks), cyber/digital, political/state crime, victimless (drug use, sex work — the decriminalisation debates).
4. Stages/companionship: attempted, abetted, conspiracy (the general part's disciplines).
5. Nepal's statutory faces: the Criminal Code 2074's offence catalogue + the special statutes — Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act 2064, Domestic Violence (Offence and Punishment) Act 2066, Caste Discrimination Act 2068, the Electronic Transactions Act 2063's cyber-offences. Classification of criminals:occasional vs habitual; first offenders vs recidivists; professional (crime as career); juveniles; female offenders (the gender-ratio puzzle and its explanations); mentally disordered offenders; white-collar; political offenders. The classic typologies (Ferri's born–insane–passion–occasion–habitual ladder — by name) belong to the positivist era; modern typologies sort by risk, need and career pattern.