4.4 Historical Development of Juvenile Justice

The line (the exam's tour): (i) the common law's infancy defence (the under-seven irrebuttable, the under-fourteen rebuttable incapacity — the doli incapax doctrine, by name); (ii) the reformatory movement (the 19th century's houses of refuge and reformatories); (iii) the firstjuvenile court — Illinois, 1899 (the parens patriae court — the world's model); (iv) the due-process correction (the 1960s–70s — Gault's counsel-and-notice; the McKeiver-and-McKesson line's jury limits — names only); (v) the rights-era codification — the CRC 1989's Articles 37-and-40 and the Beijing Rules 1985 (the international standard's settlement); (vi) the restorative-and-diversion turn (the 1990s–2000s — the diversion statutes, family conferencing, the records' sealing); (vii) Nepal's line: the Children's Act 2048 (1992 — the child-law consolidation with the juvenile-court provision), the Children's Rules 2051, the Juvenile Justice(Procedure) Rules 2063 (the bench-and-procedure operationalisation), the Supreme Court's implementation jurisprudence (Unit 6's cases — the mandamus line), and the Children's Act2075 (the modern consolidation: juvenile courts, the liability ladder, diversion, correction homes).