2.5 By-election, and Recall

By-election: the vacancy's remedy — the death, resignation, disqualification-and-removal of the seat-holder; the timing rule (the Act's window — no by-election when the term's remainder is short: the local bodies' own >1-year rule of Article 215's clause, echoed in the statutes); the by- election's scale (the one-constituency poll with the full general's disciplines — the code, the observers, the roll's update). Recall: the removal of the elected by the voters before the term — the concept (the electorate's continued sovereignty), the comparative models (the recall's referendum mechanics), and Nepal's honest answer: no general recall exists in the current constitutional design — the historical-and-theoretical debates (the local-level recall's proposals in the federalism drafting; the 1990s' and 2017's discussions) and the accountability's substitutes (the fixed term, the no-confidence of the parliamentary centre, the floor-crossing-and-party discipline, the courts' disqualification). The exam's line: the by-election is the system's patch; the recall is the system's frontier — absent in Nepal.