5.2 International Practice

The comparative anchors (by name, the exam's tour): the UK's FPTP-and-rolling-register tradition; the Germany's MMP (the compensatory model — Unit 4.3's contrast); New Zealand's MMP referendum's adoption; India's Constitution-embedded Election Commission (the powerful single- body tradition — Nepal's kin), the Representation of the People Acts' disputes-and- disqualification jurisprudence; Australia's compulsory-and-preferential voting; the list-PREuropean heartland (the Netherlands' single national district); the mixed Asiatic designs (Japan's-and-Korea's parallel-and-MMP experiences); the South Africa's IEC model; and the global standards' instruments — ICCPR Article 25 (the vote/be-elected/participate trinity), the VeniceCommission's Code of Good Practice (the periodicity's-and-impartiality's benchmarks), and the election-observation's international craft (the EU-and-Carter-Center methodologies). The lesson'sframe: the systems are chosen, not received — Nepal's parallel-with-quotas is the world's distinctive hybrid (the inclusion-engineered mixed system).