1. Stocks (equity): the ordinary shares (the voting-and-residual claim — Company Law's world, LAW5404, this semester), the preference shares (the dividend-and-liquidation priority without the vote), the bonus-and-rights issues (the capital's own faces), the IPO/FPO (the public's entry door).
2. Bonds (debt): the government securities (the treasury bills-and-bonds — NRB's auctions), the corporate debentures (the secured-and-unsecured, the convertible faces), the municipal-and- institutional bonds.
3. Derivatives: the forwards, futures, options, swaps — the value derived from an underlying (the hedging-and-speculation pair — Nepal's derivative era: the commodity-era experiments and the SEBON's structured-products gates).
4. Others: the mutual-fund units (Unit 9), the depository receipts, the securitised instruments (Unit 2.9), and the quasi-securities' borderline cases (the cooperative shares, the "schemes" of the Unity Life type — Unit 9's lesson).