6.4 Governance of Civil Aviation in Nepal

The institutional map: the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation (the policy's home); the CAAN (the regulator-and-operator's legacy — the airworthiness-and-operations oversight, the ATC-and-the aerodromes, the licensing: the ICAO USOAP audits' history — the SignificantSafety Concern's flagging (2013) and its resolution (2017) — the safety-sovereignty's lesson); the investigation regime (the accident-investigation's independence questions — the commission-and-the CAAN's separation-of-roles debate); the carriers' world (the Nepal Airlines Corporation's state flag + the private airlines' sector — the Buddha-and-Shree-Airlines' duopoly era of the trunk routes); the airports' infrastructure (the TIA's single-runway congestion; the newgateways: Gautam Buddha International (Bhairahawa, 2022) and Pokhara International(2023) — the 2010s'-2020s' additions); and the safety's politics: the EU air-safety list (2013'sban on the Nepali carriers — the continuing listing) — the ban's rationale (the oversight concerns) and its consequences (the Europe routes' closure, the code-share limits, the reputation's cost) — the governance's report card the exam expects.