1 The Global Challenges

1. The safety-and-oversight deficit — the implementation gap (the SARPs' adoption vs the states' capacity; the USAP-and-the SSC machinery's continuing work; the MAX-era certification questions — the type-certification's trust).2. The security's shifting threats (the insider threats; the cyber-and-the air-navigation systems' vulnerabilities; the drones-and-the airports' interference era).3. The environment's bill (the aviation's carbon ledger: CORSIA — the offsetting scheme's phase-in; the SAF — sustainable aviation fuels' scaling; the noise-and-the local-air-quality faces; the net-zero 2050 commitments' credibility).4. The liberalisation's unfinished agenda (the ownership-and-control limits (the 49%-type caps) vs the consolidation's economics; the consumer protection's global floor; the distribution's-and-the GDS' modernisation).5. The infrastructure-and-airspace pressure (the congestion; the ATM modernisation; the remote-and-oceanic regions' surveillance).6. The pandemics-and-shocks' governance (the COVID's near-death-and-restart; the public- health-and-aviation interface — the ICAO-and-WHO cooperation's faces of the International Institutions world).