The IPR's nature: the intangible property (the incorporeal — the right to exclude, not the thing's possession); the territoriality's rule (the national protection's principle — each state's grant within its borders (the Paris-Berne-TRIPS bridges notwithstanding)); the time's bar (the limited terms (U2–U5's clocks)); the statutory formality's spectrum (the registration-dependent (patents-marks-designs) vs the automatic (copyright's birth with the work)); the assignable-and-licensable character (the property's alienability); and the dynamic balance's nature (the exclusive-right vs the public-domain's frontier — the law's moving line). The origin's history: the
privileges' age (the Venetian-and-English patents-of-monopoly; the stationers' copyright — the censorship's unintended parent); the statutes' modernisation (the Statute of Monopolies 1624-and- the Statute of Anne 1710 — by name, the twin foundations); the internationalisation (1.6.1's line); and Nepal's own line (1.6's-and-U2–U5's faces: the 1936-era's first Patent, Design and Trademark Act under the Rana PM Juddha Shumsher; the current Patent, Design and Trademark Act,2022 B.S. (1965) and the Copyright Act, 2059 (2002)).