1.6.1 Historical Development of Intellectual Property Laws
The international line: the 1883 Paris Union (the industrial property's protection — the nationals' treatment-and-the priority's invention) and the 1886 Berne Union (the literary-and-artistic works' protection — the automatic protection's principle); the BIRPI-to-WIPO evolution (the 1967 Stockholm Convention's organisation — the UN's specialised agency (1974) of the International- Institutions world); the TRIPS 1994's incorporation (the IP into the WTO's trade-law — the enforcement's teeth-and-the disputes' court); the internet treaties' layer (the WCT-WPPT 1996); and the development agenda's modern era (the Doha-Declaration's-and-the LDC's flexibilities; the TK-GR's instruments).
1.6.2 Major Conventions on IP (Paris Convention, Berne Convention, and WIPOConvention)
The Paris Convention 1883 (the industrial property's constitution): the national treatment (the foreigners' equality); the right of priority (the twelve-months'-patents-and-six-months'- marks-and-designs filing window — the first-filing's worldwide respect); the common rules (the independence-of-patents; the marks' protection-and-the well-known marks' faces (Article 6bis); the
unfair-competition's duty); Nepal's accession: in force for Nepal since 22 June 2001 (the verified record). The Berne Convention 1886 (the copyright's constitution): the automaticprotection (no-formalities' principle); the national treatment; the minimum standards (the term's life-plus-fifty floor; the translation-and-reproduction rights; the moral rights' Article 6bis); Nepal's accession: 2006 (the verified record). The WIPO Convention 1967 (the organisation's charter): the promotion-of-IP's mandate (the cooperation-the-registration-the-dispute services); Nepal's membership: since 1997 (the verified record — the WIPO member-and-the Paris-Berne parties' status).
1.6.3 Role and Functions/Objectives of WIPO and Significance of WTO: TRIPS Agreement
The WIPO's role-and-functions (the exam's list): the treaties' administration (the Paris- Berne-and-the PCT-Madrid-Hague families); the registration services (the PCT's-and-Madrid's- and-the Hague's international filings); the law's development (the standing-committees'-and-the new-treaties' negotiation); the technical assistance (the developing-and-LDC states' capacity — Nepal's engagement); the arbitration-and-mediation (the IP disputes' ADR); and the information-and-economics (the statistics-and-studies). The TRIPS' significance (the WTO's annex): the minimum standards' all-IP coverage (the patents'-copyrights'-marks'-GIs'-designs'- secrets'-semiconductor-and-variety rights — the U2–U6's template); the national treatment-and-the MFN; the enforcement's obligations (the civil-and-administrative-and-criminal procedures — the border measures; the IP-as-trade's hard law); the disputes' settlement (the WTO's DSM — the trade-sanctions' teeth); and the transition-and-flexibility regime (the LDC's extended transition (the current-era extensions to the 2030s); the compulsory-licensing flexibilities (the health's Doha faces)); Nepal's TRIPS status: the WTO member since 23 April 2004 (the TRIPS-bound-with-the LDC's flexibilities — the verified record).