5.5 Enforcing Copyright: Copyright Infringement Claims, Defenses andRemedies in Copyright Infringement

The infringement's anatomy: the substantial part's taking — the protected expression's copying (the access-and-similarity proof; the independent-creation defence's possibility); direct- and-secondary liability faces (authorisation-and-contributory faces; platform's modern world — the safe-harbour debates of the comparative lore). The defences:fair dealing/fair use (5.6's detail); idea-expression's bar (the taken matter was unprotectable); expiry (the public domain); licence-and-consent; innocent-infringement's mitigation faces. The remedies: the injunction (interim-and-permanent); the damages-or-account; the infringing copies' seizure-and-destruction; the border measures; the criminal faces (the piracy scales — the Nepali Act's penalties).