Explain the philosophical foundations of human rights.

Human rights are the rights every human being holds simply by being human — universal, inherent, inalienable and indivisible. The four defining qualities (the exam's list): (1) universality — they belong to all persons everywhere; (2) inherentness — they are not granted by any state or law; (3) inalienability — they cannot be surrendered or taken (though their exercise can be limited by law in defined cases); (4) indivisibility and interdependence — civil- political and economic-social-cultural rights stand or fall together. The principles' frame: equality and non-discrimination; participation and inclusion; accountability and the rule of law. Thenature's debates: natural right vs positive law; moral claim vs legal entitlement — the modern answer: human rights are moral claims made effective through law (the constitutions and treaties of Units 3–5).