3.2 Human Rights Enforcement Mechanisms

3.2.1 Charter-based Mechanism3.2.1.1 Human Rights CouncilThe GA's subsidiary organ (2006, replacing the Commission on Human Rights): 47 states elected by region; the sessions' machinery (the regular and special sessions); the standard-setting and crisis-response roles; the membership's credibility debate (the rights-abusers' election problem); the review architecture it owns — the UPR and the special procedures. Nepal's engagement: elected member (the 2017–2019 term — the record of service the foreign-policy course noted).3.2.1.2 Universal Periodic ReviewThe peer-review of all UN states every four-plus years: the state's report + the treaty bodies' and special procedures' compilations + the stakeholders' submissions; the interactive dialogue in Geneva; the recommendations (accept/note); the follow-up cycle. The UPR's character: universal (no exceptions), cooperative (dialogue not judgment), but non-binding — the exam's line: the UPR's power is the reputation's ledger.3.2.1.3 Special ProceduresThe Council's eyes: the Special Rapporteurs, Independent Experts and Working Groups — country mandates and thematic mandates (the independence-and-impartiality fame: the experts serving in personal capacity); the communications (the urgent appeals and allegation letters), the country visits (the invitations — standing vs on-request), the annual reporting. The famous mandates the exam should name: freedom of expression; torture; independence of judges and lawyers; extrajudicial executions; human rights defenders. Nepal's experience: the visits and the dialogues (including the conflict-era scrutiny).3.2.1.4 Advisory CommitteeThe Council's think-tank: 18 experts; the research-and-policy advice (the studies…