5.1 Construction of Constitution

The constitution's difference: the supreme law's construction is its own craft — the rigidity's inverse (the amendment's difficulty demands the interpretation's adaptability); the breadth of language (the general terms intended to endure); the people's document (the intention's source is the people, not the drafters' mere words). The schools (the syllabus's five):5.1.1 Harmonious ConstructionThe constitution's provisions read together — no clause destroyed, the conflicts reconciled (the rights-and-directives balance; the federal powers' reconciliation — the lists' harmony of the Constitutional Law course). The constitutional harmonious construction's classic use: the fundamental rights read as a mutually-consistent whole (Art 18's equality with the special provisions of Art 42 — the verified texts' reconciliation).5.1.2 Construction Ut Res Magis Valeat Quam PereatThe constitutional validity-preserving rule: the provision read to operate, not to fail — the constitutional questions' last resort (the statute's constitutional survival reading, the U6.2 face; the organs' powers' effective reading).5.1.3 Liberal InterpretationThe generous reading: the rights' provisions liberally construed (the beneficial canon's constitutional home — the rights' enlargement where the words allow); the Nepal practice: the Supreme Court's generous-rights tradition (the PIL era's style — the Human Rights course's cases as specimens).5.1.4 Progressive InterpretationThe living-constitution reading: the general terms applied to new realities (the dignity-and-privacy provisions in the digital era; broad classifications read against changing social facts). The progressive school's justification: the constitution's longevity…