Define white collar crime and trace its evolution.

Sutherland's definition (1939, refined 1949): "a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation." The concept's evolution: the occupational core (the professional's abuse) → the corporate face (the business entity's crime) → the governmental-and-institutional faces (the state's own wrongs) → the modern umbrella (the economic crime with the trust's abuse at the centre). The definitional debates: the offender's status (can the lowly clerk commit WCC?) vs the modus (the deception through the occupational role — the modern preference); the civil-vs-criminal treatment (the regulatory sanctions' adequacy debate).