9.3 Types of Document Forgery

1. The signature's forgery — the simulated (the copied), the traced (the light-box), the freehand; the genuine-signature's misuse (the blank's filling — the authorisation's fraud).2. The alteration — the erasure (the chemical-and-mechanical), the obliteration (the overwriting), the interpolation (the insertion), the substitution (the page's replacement).3. The whole-document fabrication — the counterfeit (U9.4's security documents), the backdating (the ink's-and-paper's dating).4. The digital forgery — the scanned-and-manipulated, the deepfake's-document faces (the modern frontier). The detection's arsenal: the microscopy, the oblique-light, the infrared- and-UV (the inks' differentiation), the ESDA (the electrostatic detection — the indented writing: the notepad's previous page's ghost), the ink's chemistry (the dating's approximations).