2.3 Hearsay Evidence is No Evidence

The hearsay's bar: the out-of-court statement offered for its truth — no cross-examination of the original speaker (the testimony's testing denied). The rule's logic: the reliability's protection (the absence of the oath, the observation, the cross). The exceptions (the U4 catalogue'spreview): the admissions, the dying declarations, the statements on the spot, the public records — the necessity-and-reliability's justifications. The Nepali position: the Act's structured exceptions (U4.1's list) — the "hearsay is no evidence" principle subject to the statute's admissions.