2.4 Impact of Development Agencies on the Finances of Developing Countries

1. The aid's flows — the grants-and-concessional (the ODA's significance in Nepal's budget (the decades' dependence — the donor's share's history)); the aid's modalities (the project-vs- budget support).2. The debt's faces — the concessional borrowing (the IDA's-and-ADB's soft terms); the debt- sustainability's frameworks (the HIPC's history; the LIC-DSF's present); the debt-distress's periodic crises.3. The technical faces — the PFM-and-tax reforms' assistance (the systems' modernisation); the statistics' capacity (the data's foundation).4. The critical's audit — the dependency's problems (the ownership's loss; the volatility); the tied-aid's inefficiency; the graduation's cliff (the LDC's departure — Nepal's 2026 milestone's fiscal questions); the domestic-revenue's primacy (the self-reliance's agenda — the tax-GDP ratio's improvement as the long-term answer).