The regulation's spectrum:
1. The self-regulation (the profession's own) — the ethics-codes (the Press Council's code (U6.2.2)); the newsroom's standards.
2. The co-regulation (the Council-model) — the Press Council's mixed character (the statutory-but-press-led (U6.2's depth)).
3. The statutory regulation — the licensing (the broadcast's entry-control (U3)); the content's rules (the decency-and-election faces); the print's registration (the lighter touch (the registration-not-licensing distinction)).
4. The constitutional frame's discipline (the Art 19's verified command) — the no-prior- censorship bar; the no-closure-seizure-cancellation bar; the no-obstruction-except-by-law rule — the regulation's constitutional ceiling.
5. The models' balance — the authoritarian-vs-libertarian-vs-social-responsibility (the theories' classic menu (the exam's theory question)); the Nepal model (the mixed-and-transitioning frame).
392) — the early media-regulation case (read the decision for the precise facts-and-holdings).