3.2 Drafting Process and Coordination between Different Agencies andStakeholders

Nepal's bill pipeline (in the ordinary course):1. Sponsoring ministry — prepares the proposal/concept paper and obtains policy approval.2. Nepal Law Commission / Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs — the drafting custodians: the instruction is examined, the draft prepared, and legalvetting performed.3. Consultation — line ministries, provinces (where concurrent or their interests), and stakeholders: the bar, academia, civil society, and the affected sectors. Pre-legislative scrutiny improves text and legitimacy.4. Cabinet approval — the government's collective decision to introduce the bill.5. Introduction in Parliament (Article 110: either House; finance bills only in the House of Representatives) — registration, publication, and first reading.6. Committee stage — clause-by-clause scrutiny in the parliamentary committee.7. Passage — by the Constitution's majorities (Article 111), including the House of Representatives-National Assembly procedures and joint sitting where the deadlock rules so provide.8. Certification by the President within 15 days (Article 113), with the one-time return possibility; then gazette publication — the Act is born.ActorContributionSponsoring ministryPolicy, proposalLaw Ministry/CommissionDrafting and vettingProvinces/stakeholdersConsultation, impactCabinetPolitical approvalParliamentScrutiny and passagePresidentCertification