3.3 Laws Relating to Migration

3.3.1 Concept of MigrationMigration is the movement of people across a boundary (internal: district/province; international: national) involving change of usual residence.3.3.2 Types of Migration: Permanent, Semi-Permanent, Temporary and SeasonalTypeTime-signatureNepal examplePermanentForever, new residenceVillage-to-Valley family relocationSemi-permanentYears, return intendedDecade abroad then backTemporaryMonthsStudent sojournSeasonalRhythmic cyclesHill-to-Terai harvest work; India's winter labour circuits3.3.3 Causes and Consequences of MigrationCauses (the push-pull ledger): poverty and land hunger push; jobs, education, wages pull; conflict and disasters shoved (the conflict-era displacement that emptied hillsides). Consequences: remittances (the economy's pillar) versus household costs (the "remittance villages" of the elderly, women, and children); brain drain versus skill return; receiving-centre congestion.3.3.4 Concept of Immigration and EmigrationEmigration (out) — Nepal's signature: labour migration to the Gulf and Malaysia governed by the Foreign Employment Act, 2064 (the migration pipeline's protective statute: licences, contracts, welfare fund, the Foreign Employment Board). Immigration (in) — foreigners entering Nepal under the Immigration Act, 2046 (visas, categories, overstay).3.3.5 Concept of Open BorderAn open border is a boundary crossed without visa or permit for movement (Nepal-India); a regulated border is the Nepal-China pattern. The Nepal-India open border: 1,800+ kilometres of free crossing — family ties, trade circuits, and labour markets on both sides.3.3.6 Nepal-India Treaty of Peace and Friendship 1950 and Its ImpactThe 1950 Treaty (studied fully in International Relations and Diplomacy, IRD5203): its national- treatment provision (residence, property ownership, business,…