3.3 Economic Theories of Harm

1. Coordination harm (cartels): price elevated by agreement — the per se evil; consumers pay the cartel tax.2. Exclusionary harm (abuse of dominance): the dominant firm raises rivals' costs, forecloses distribution, or ties its way into the next market — competition for the market destroyed.3. Exploitative harm: dominant firms extracting unfair terms directly (the EU's unfair-price prong).4. Conglomerate/eco-system harm: platforms leveraging one market into another (the theory of the Big-Tech era — self-preferencing, the app-store gates).5. Monopsony harm: buyer power squeezing suppliers or workers (the labour-market antitrust of the current decade).