9.4 Alternatives to Court Proceedings

The Press Council as the specialized ADR (9.1 — the media's own forum); The negotiation: the direct settlement — the correction-and-apology deal; the retraction agreement (the same-week fix the court cannot give); The mediation: the neutral's facilitation — the outlet-and-subject accommodation (the relation preserved where the beat reporter must cover the complainant again); The newsroom's internal route: the editor's complaint desk; the ombudsman's internal review; the publication's own correction column (the first door — the cheapest, fastest, and most credible when used honestly); The ADR's advantages and limits: the speed-cost-relationship faces match the media's fast cycle; but the serious harms (the criminal contempt, the hate speech, the massive privacy violation) are the state's business — not negotiable; the public interest's cases cannot be privately settled away. Recent Trends (the exam's current-affairs marks) The platform era: the online news's registration normalized (the portal directives); the social- media governance bills (the takedown-and-liability regimes contested — the proportionality discipline of Unit 2.5 applied); the OTT's entry (the streaming regulation's forming frame); The misinformation problem: disinformation's regulation-vs-freedom (the criminalization risk — the "ministry of truth" dystopia — vs. the election-and-riot harms); the fact-checking's rise (the newsroom desks; the platform labelling); The media economy: the advertising's digital migration (the newsroom's shrinkage); the state-advertising leverage (the subsidy's strings — independence's quiet threat); the ownership-transparency question (the…