4.3 Disparagement

The wrong: the FALSE statement about another's PRODUCTS OR PROPERTY (the trade's defamation — to be distinguished from the PERSON's defamation, Unit 3.1.1): Slander of title: the false denial of another's ownership-or-title (the "that land is mine" claim's abuse); Trade libel / product disparagement: the false statement about the goods' quality (the "that food is contaminated" falsehood); The proof's three (the disparagement's discipline — harder than defamation): (i) the FALSE statement; (ii) the PUBLICATION to a third party; (iii) the MALICE (the fault requirement — the intent-or-recklessness; the honest opinion's privilege); The damages: the pecuniary loss (the sales' fall — the special damages' proof).