4.5 Fraud or Deceit

The classic five elements (the exam's must — memorize the ladder): The misrepresentation of a material fact (the false statement — not opinion; the half- truth's face; the concealment's equivalence); The scienter — the knowledge of falsity (the fraudulent intent; the reckless disregard); The intent to induce the reliance (the deception's purpose); The justifiable reliance (the victim's reasonable belief-and-act); The damages (the reliance's loss — the out-of-pocket faces). The faces: the fraudulent misrepresentation; the negligent misrepresentation (the careless falsity — the lesser fault); the innocent misrepresentation (the falsity without fault — the rescission's remedy only). The Nepali faces: the Code's fraud provisions (the contract's avoidance — LAW's contract world) + the criminal cheating (the Muluki Criminal Code's faces) + the consumer claims' route.