10.2 New Trends in Human Rights

Business and human rights: the UN Guiding Principles (2011) — the corporate duty to respect (the due-diligence duty); the state's duty to protect; the remedy's access; the mandatory-due-diligence legislation's wave (the binding-treaty negotiations); Digital rights and technology: the privacy-and-surveillance questions (the Pegasus era); the expression-and-platform governance (the content moderation, the misinformation); the AI's rights risks (the algorithmic discrimination; the automated decision-making); the data- protection statutes' rise (Nepal's individual-privacy frame — the Criminal Code's privacy offences + the privacy legislation's evolution); Environment, climate and rights: the climate-litigation era (the ICJ's climate advisory proceedings — the newest frontier); the environmental rights' justiciability (Nepal's Art 30 among the world's express rights); the climate-justice movements (the loss-and-damage; the intergenerational equity); The rights of future generations and the animal-welfare debates (the sentience's frontier); Transitional justice and accountability: the enforced-disappearance and truth-commission standards (the CPED's pending accession — Nepal's own stake); the universal jurisdiction's practice (LAW 401's cross-read); The inclusive-rights expansion: the SOGIESC jurisprudence (the Sunil Babu Pant line; the marriage-equality writ of 2023 — the recognition debates continuing); the disability's paradigm shift (the CRPD's social model — Unit 7); the older persons' rights (the convention's drafting debates); The sovereignty-and-competition stress: the withdrawal-and-backlash politics (the regional courts' exits); the "Asian values" and cultural-relativism debates' return; the funding- and-shrinking-space for the civil society (the NGO laws) —…