5.3 Evolution of Human Rights

The standard tour (the exam's ladder): The philosophical and religious ancestors: natural law (the Stoics, the scholastics); the dignity vocabularies of the world's ethics (the Buddhist, Hindu, Islamic traditions); The constitutional births: the Magna Carta 1215 (the barons' liberties — the limitation idea); the English Bill of Rights 1689; the American Declaration of Independence 1776 and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 1789 (natural rights made constitutional — "men are born and remain free and equal in rights"); The nineteenth century: the abolition movements; the labour struggles and the first social legislation; the minority-protection experiments (the Congress of Berlin; the League's minorities system); The turning point: the Second World War's atrocities → the UN Charter 1945 (human rights in the purposes) → the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 — the "common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations"; The codification: the two Covenants of 1966 (the ICCPR and ICESCR, in force 1976) and the specialized conventions (ICERD 1965, CEDAW 1979, CAT 1984, CRC 1989, ICRMW 1990, CPED 2006, CRPD 2006) — the nine core treaties of Unit 7; The regional and domestic multiplication: the regional systems (Unit 9) and the constitutional bills of rights (Nepal's own — Unit 10); The modern generations and frontiers: development, environment, peace; the business- and-human-rights agenda; the digital…