9.2 Kinds

1. Copyright (the Copyright Act, 2059 (2002)): Protected works: literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works; sound recordings; audiovisual works; broadcasts; computer programs; databases/compilations — protection automatic on creation (no registration condition; the Registrar's record evidentiary); Rights: the economic rights (reproduction, distribution, rental, translation, adaptation, public performance, broadcasting) and the moral rights (paternity and integrity — personal and perpetual within the Act's scheme); Term: the general rule — the author's life plus fifty years; shorter statutory terms for neighbouring and applied-arts rights; Limitations: the exceptions — private study and research, criticism and review, news reporting, education's classroom uses, library/archival reproduction, the judicial and legislative uses. 2. Patent (the Patent, Design and Trademark Act, 2022 (1965)): the grant's requirements — novelty, inventive step and industrial applicability (the world-standard triad); the right — the exclusion of others from making, using, selling the invention for the statutory term, in exchange for disclosure (the specification's publication); the exclusions (discoveries, scientific principles, business methods, methods of medical treatment — within the Act's list); the compulsory-licensing/public-interest flexibilities (TRIPS' balance). Practice note: Nepal's filings are modest — the national-innovation policy debates (traditional knowledge's protection — the yarsagumba and ayurvedic-knowledge questions). 3. Trademark (the PTD Act, 2022): registration-based — the distinctive sign (word, device, combination) registered with the Department of Industry (the application → examination → publication → opposition…