3.3 National Parks and Wildlife Reserves (the protected-areas'

regime) The protected areas' international architecture: the IUCN's categories (the strict-nature-reserve to the managed-resource continuum); the World Heritage Convention 1972 (the natural heritage's inscription — the outstanding universal value; the in-danger listing's discipline; Nepal's Sagarmatha-and-Chitwan listings); the regional-and-sectoral faces (the regional seas' protected areas; the Antarctic's protocol); the protected-area networks' targets (the CBD's programme; the 30-by-30). The concept's evolution: the fortress-conservation (the people's exclusion) → the community-based conservation (the buffer zones, the community forests — Nepal's own global- model face, Unit 4's domestic story) → the connectivity conservation (the corridors, the landscapes).