8.1 Nepal's Initiative for Durable Solution

The three durable solutions' framework (the UNHCR's trio): (i) voluntary repatriation (the home-return — the preferred ending); (ii) local integration (the host's absorption); (iii) resettlement (the third-country transfer). Nepal's record: The resettlement's massive practice: the Bhutanese refugees' third-country resettlement (2007 onward) — the 100,000-plus persons resettled (the US-and-the-West's absorption) — one of the world's largest resettlement programs (the Nepal-hosted, internationally-financed solution; the camps' depopulation — the seven camps' closure faces); The repatriation's failed pursuit: the Nepal-Bhutan bilateral talks (the 1990s-2000s ministerial-and-joint-committee machinery); the verification exercise (the Khudunabari camp's categorisation — the Harare-formula's controversy); the deadlock (the repatriation's non- realisation — the resettlement's displacement-of-repatriation: the honest audit — the solution that worked was the one Bhutan resisted not); The local integration's de-facto faces: the Tibetan refugees' settlements (the Jawalakhel-and-the-hill-camps' establishment — the 1960s' agricultural settlements; the economic absorption — the carpet-industry era's livelihoods) — the formal naturalisation's absence (the integration without the citizenship's papers — the generations' question); The mandate-refugees' transit assumption: the urban caseload's processing-toward- resettlement (the local integration's non-offer — the protection-by-exit). The critique (the exam's craft): Nepal as the solutions' host — the world's biggest resettlement + the de-facto integration — without the refugee law (the achievement's paradox: the practice's generosity + the statute's absence).