4.4 Theories of Punishment

The retributive theory — the punishment as the DESERT: the eye-for-an-eye's philosophical refinement (Kant's-and-Hegel's guilt-and-justice: the offender's rational respect — the punishment as the person's recognition); the proportionality's principle (the punishment-to-the- offence); the critique: the vengeance's philosophical dress? the victim's silence in the theory; The deterrent theory — the punishment as the THREAT's enforcement: the general deterrence (the example-to-all: the certainty > the severity — Beccaria's craft) + the individual deterrence (the particular offender's lesson); the critique: the criminal's rationality's overestimate (Unit 2's theories' correction); the brutalisation's counter-effect; The preventive theory — the incapacitation's-and-reform's blend: the offender's disablement (the dangerous one's containment) + the reform's hope (the prevention's positive face); The reformative (rehabilitative) theory — the punishment as the TREATMENT: the offender's correction-and-return (the prison-as-hospital's metaphor; the education-and- therapy's programmes); the modern penology's official creed (the 2074 Acts' philosophy); the critique: the serious offender's unreformability question; the treatment's coercion's ethics; The expiatory (expiation) theory — the punishment as the ATONEMENT: the offender's guilt's discharge (the moral account's settlement — the religious penality's echo); The restorative theory — the punishment as the REPAIR (Unit 4.3's fourth face's theory): the victim's-and-community's centrality; the reconciliation's end; The integrative-and-hybrid theories — the modern consensus: the punishment's MULTI- PURPOSE (the desert as the limit + the deterrence-as-aim + the reform's priority + the reparation's addition…