3.1 Roman, French, German and Japanese Legal Systems

Roman law (the ancestor): the concept-and-origin (the Twelve Tables 451-450 BC → the Republic's-and-Empire's jurisprudence → Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis 533 AD — the Institutes, Digest, Code, Novels); the sources (the statutes — the leges; the magistrates' edicts — the ius honorarium; the jurists' responsa — the ius civile's interpretive craft); the courts (the civil trial's two-stage: the in iure before the magistrate, the apud iudicem before the private judge; the formulary system); the profession (the jurists — Gaius, Ulpian, Paulus: the advisory-craft's classical bar); the legacy (the civil-law family's DNA — the persons-things-actions architecture; the medieval reception). French law (the classical codifier): the concept (the revolutionary modernisation — the rational-and-national law); the origin-and-development (the Revolution's legal program → the Code Civil 1804 — the Napoleonic codes' family: the civil, the code de commerce, the penal, the procedure); the sources (the codes' primacy; the legislation; the case-law's growing de facto role — the Cour de cassation's unifying line); the courts (the two-track design: the ordinary courts + the administrative courts — the Conseil d'État's administrative jurisprudence; the cassation's craft — the quashing-and-remitting discipline); the profession (the avocats-and- notaires's division — the notary's public-office craft; the career-judges' national-school (the École nationale de la magistrature)). German law (the scientific codifier): the concept (the Pandectists' conceptual science — the BGB's systematic rigour); the…