7.4 Corporate Liability

The civil liability: the company's own liability (the person's contracts-and-torts — the vicarious faces (the employees' acts within the employment); the products'-and-the premises' liabilities; the regulatory fines-and-penalties (the corporate violator's administrative liability). The criminal liability (the doctrine's problem): the company's "mind" — the identification doctrine (the directing-will theory: the senior officers' acts as the company's own) vs the aggregation faces; the statutory channel — the Criminal Code 2074's general part (the body corporate's offence channelled to the person who commits or causes the act; where that person cannot be identified, to the owner, partner or director — the Code's corporate-liability provision); the punishment's problem (the fine-and-the officers' punishment as the company's sentence's faces). The Nepali authorities (the B.A.Ll.B.-corpus-verified pair — cite with their citations): CIAA vs. Rabindralal Shrestha, NKP 2074, Vol. 1, D.N. 9752, p. 162 (the limited liability's criminal face — the Special Court's corruption prosecution of the company's chairman-and-shareholder-proprietors: the veil's shield is for honest risk-taking, not a licence — where the individuals themselves act, the corporate form does not absorb personal accountability); the corporate-criminal-liability line's recent decisions (the 2075-and-2078 NKP cases cited in the reading practice — read the reports for the holdings). The Unity Life illustration (Unit 10's full case): the criminal responsibility on the directors-and-officers; the company's civil liability for the harm — the two-track…