7.6 Workers' Participation in Management

The concept: the employees' voice in the company's governance — the participation's ladder: the information (the disclosure to the workers), the consultation (the works councils' faces), the co- determination (the board-level representation — the German model's classic), the ownership (the employee shareholding-and-ESOP faces). The Nepali frame: the labour-law face (the Collective Bargaining Act-and-the Labour Act 2074's participation provisions — the collective-bargaining committees'-and-the participation's institutional faces — described functionally); the constitutional-and-policy faces (the workers' participation as the state-policy theme); the practice's reality (the unions' role in the enterprises; the participation's depth-question — the honest assessment). The comparative (the exam's table): the German co-determination (the workers' board seats) vs the Anglo-American model (the market-and-union face, the board representation's rarity) — Nepal's place on the spectrum. Exam Focus Long questions: (i) The board's full architecture (appointment-disqualification-removal- roles-meetings — the unit's banker); (ii) The general meeting's types-and-formalities (the AGM-EGM pair with the resolutions' grades); (iii) The directors' duties (the fiduciary core + skill-and-care — Percival v. Wright's addressee rule). Short questions: the MD-vs-CEO Nepali note; the company secretary's six faces; the Criminal Code 2074's channel; the participation ladder. Trick areas: (i) The directors' duties run TO THE COMPANY — not directly to individual shareholders (Percival v. Wright) — the addressee error; (ii) The ORDINARY resolution removes a director (not special) — but the SPECIAL…