10.1 Koshi

The agreement (the Koshi Agreement, 1954; the 1966 amendment): the first post-1950 treaty (the flood-and-power project: the "sorrow of Bihar" tamed — the Kosi barrage-and- embankments, India constructing, in Nepal's territory). The 1954 terms (the exam's list): the land's lease to India (the barrage-and-embankment sites — the lease in perpetuity clause (the 1954's most-criticised)); the water-and-power benefits to Nepal (the agreed irrigation-and-power shares); the navigation's reservation (Nepal's navigation right on the Kosi preserved); the compensation faces (the displaced persons' resettlement promises). The 1966 amendment (the correction's craft): the lease revised (the "in perpetuity" replaced by the 199-year-type term); the sovereignty's restoration faces (Nepal's rights updated — the royalty-and-benefit provisions improved); the still-the-critique (the benefits' thinness — the flood-and-power's asymmetry: the downstream's gains the greater). The honest audit (the critical essay): the villages sunk-and- flooded (the embankment's costs), the promised-compensation's long record, the power's delayed delivery — the Koshi as the unequal-treaty era's classic and the 1966 correction's lesson.