9.2 Historical Background

The lineage: the Westphalia-era sovereignty claims (the absolute-territorial-sovereignty vs the absolute-territorial-integrity — the two extremes (the Harmon doctrine: the upstream's free hand; the downstream's veto theory)); the navigation's era first (the Congress of Vienna 1815 — the European rivers' free navigation; the Versailles 1919's internationalisation (the river commissions' birth)); the utilisation's era (the 20th century's economic uses: the irrigation, the hydro-power, the industrial — the non-navigational uses' rise); the modern era's instruments (the Helsinki 1966 → the UN Watercourses 1997 → the Berlin 2004 — 9.12-9.13's line).