9.5 Principles of Utilization of International Rivers

The two-pillar doctrine (the modern law's core): (1) the equitable and reasonable utilisation (the governing principle — the factors' weighing: the geography, the hydrology, the climate, the social-and-economic needs, the dependence, the efficiency, the availability of alternatives — the Helsinki-and-UNWC's factors' list); (2) the no-significant-harm (the harm's threshold — the significant; the balance with the utilisation (the harm's tolerance within the equity)); the supporting principles: the prior-notification, the exchange of data, the environmental- flows, the cooperative management (the basin's joint institutions), the sovereignty-permanent- over-resources (the UN's resources-sovereignty frame).