3 Relations with Tibet, China and British India

The Thapathali Treaty of 1856 closed the war with Tibet: Nepal obtained trading privileges and an annual payment, and the treaty's arrangement of mutual respect gave Nepal a claim of parity that it used for a century. Relations with China were managed through the tribute missions to Peking, which continued until the end of the Rana period. With British India the relationship was contractual and unequal: subsidies, recruitment of Gurkha soldiers, and control over foreign relations in practice, formalised in the treaties of 1816, 1923 and the 1947 tripartite agreement.