2.2 Kinds of Law

(Classification — a reliable short-question bank. Learn the pairs.)1. Natural law vs positive law — the law of reason/nature vs the law of the state (Unit 3.1's battlefield).2. Municipal vs international law — law within a state vs law between states (Austin doubted the latter was "law properly so called" the modern view rejects his doubt).3. Public law vs private law — state and citizen (constitutional, administrative, criminal) vs citizen and citizen (contract, tort, property, family).4. Substantive vs procedural law — what the rights are vs how they are enforced (the substantive Codes of 2074 vs the procedural Codes of 2074 — an illustration from Nepal).5. Civil law vs criminal law — wrongs against individuals (compensation) vs wrongs against society (punishment) — see Unit 5.3.6. Imperative vs non-imperative (Austin's own division) — commands proper vs laws by analogy (custom, international law — his awkward cases).7. General vs special laws — law for all vs law for a class (the Muluki Ain once made caste-wise law for each; the 2074 Codes abolished that logic — the jurisprudential meaning of "equality before the law").