4 Foreign Practice of Family Court

1. India: the Family Courts Act, 1984 — the family courts' statutory design: the conciliation- first objective (the settlement's primacy); the simplified procedure (the Evidence Act's-and- CPC's relaxation); the in-camera sittings; the association of welfare experts; the state-wise rollout's lessons (the uneven staffing-and-infrastructure); 2. The United Kingdom: the Family Division of the High Court + the Family Court (2014's single unified family court): the public-law (care proceedings) and private-law (divorce, custody) streams; CAFCASS's welfare reporting; the "no-fault divorce" reform (2022) as the procedure's modern face; 3. Japan: the family courts (katei saiban) — the conciliation-first philosophy institutionalized (the mediation panels with lay conciliators); the specialized-and-informal procedure; the protection of the family's continuity; 4. The United States: the unified family courts' movement; the custody evaluation-and- guardian-ad-litem practices; the problem-solving-court philosophy; 5. The comparative lessons for Nepal: specialization + conciliation + child-welfare infrastructure + one-file integration — the four common denominators of the foreign models; each adapted to Nepal's resources (the bench-plus-committee-plus-counselling design rather than the grand new tier — the proportional-transplant argument).